Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Republic of Turkey Founder

Mustafa Kemal Atatã ¼rk, Republic of Turkey Founder Mustafa Kemal Atatã ¼rk (May 19, 1881â€November 10, 1938) was a Turkish patriot and military pioneer who established the Republic of Turkey in 1923. Atatã ¼rk filled in as the countrys first president from 1923 to 1938. He managed the section of various changes that were liable for changing Turkey into a cutting edge country state. Quick Facts: Mustafa Kemal Atatã ¼rk Known For: Atatã ¼rk was a Turkish patriot who established the Republic of Turkey.Also Known As: Mustafa Kemal PashaBorn: May 19, 1881 in Salonica, Ottoman EmpireParents: Ali Rä ±za Efendi and Zubeyde HanimDied: November 10, 1938 in Istanbul, TurkeySpouse: Latife Usakligilâ (m. 1923â€1925)Children: 13 Early Life Mustafa Kemal Atatã ¼rk was conceived on May 19, 1881, in Salonica, at that point some portion of the Ottoman Empire (presently Thessaloniki, Greece). His dad Ali Riza Efendi may have been ethnically Albanian, however a few sources express that his family was comprised of wanderers from the Konya district of Turkey. Ali Riza Efendi was a minor nearby official and a lumber dealer. Mustafas mother Zubeyde Hanim was a blue-looked at Turkish or perhaps Macedonian lady who (surprisingly for that time) could peruse and compose. Zubeyde Hanim needed her child to contemplate religion, however Mustafa would grow up with a progressively mainstream turn of brain. The couple had six kids, yet just Mustafa and his sister Makbule Atadan made due to adulthood. Strict and Military Education As a little fellow, Mustafa hesitantly went to a strict school. His dad later permitted him to move to the Semsi Efendi School, a common tuition based school. When Mustafa was 7, his dad passed on. At 12 years old, Mustafa chose, without talking with his mom, that he would take the selection test for a military secondary school. He at that point went to the Monastir Military High School and in 1899 joined up with the Ottoman Military Academy. In January 1905, Mustafa graduated and started his profession in the military. Military Career Following quite a while of military preparing, Atatã ¼rk entered the Ottoman Army as a commander. He served in the Fifth Army in Damascus until 1907. He at that point moved to Manastir, presently known as Bitola, in the Republic of Macedonia. In 1910, he battled to stifle the Albanian uprising in Kosovo. His rising notoriety as a military man removed the next year, during the Italo-Turkish War of 1911 to 1912. The Italo-Turkish War emerged from a 1902 understanding among Italy and France over isolating Ottoman terrains in North Africa. The Ottoman Empire was referred to around then as the wiped out man of Europe, so other European forces were concluding how to share the crown jewels of its breakdown some time before the occasion really occurred. France guaranteed Italy control of Libya, at that point included three Ottoman regions, as a byproduct of non-obstruction in Morocco. Italy propelled a monstrous 150,000-man armed force against Ottoman Libya in September 1911. Atatã ¼rk was one of the Ottoman commandants sent to repulse this attack with just 8,000 normal soldiers, in addition to 20,000 neighborhood Arab and Bedouin civilian army individuals. He was vital to the December 1911 Ottoman triumph in the Battle of Tobruk, in which 200 Turkish and Arab contenders held off 2,000 Italians and drove them once more from theâ city of Tobruk. Regardless of this valiant obstruction, Italy overpowered the Ottomans. In the Octoberâ 1912 Treaty of Ouchy, the Ottoman Empire transferred ownership of control of the territories of Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica, which became Italian Libya. Balkan Wars As Ottoman control of the domain disintegrated, ethnic patriotism spread among the different people groups of the Balkan district. In 1912 and 1913, ethnic clash broke out twice in the First and Second Balkan Wars. In 1912, the Balkan League (comprised of the recently autonomous Montenegro, Bulgaria, Greece, and Serbia) assaulted the Ottoman Empire so as to wrest away control of zones overwhelmed by their separate ethnic gatherings that were still under Ottoman suzerainty. Through suzerainty, a country keeps up inside self-governance while another country or area controls international strategy and worldwide relations. The Ottomans, including Atatã ¼rks troops, lost the First Balkan War. The next year during the Second Balkan War, the Ottomans recovered a great part of the domain of Thrace that had been seized by Bulgaria. This battling at the frayed edges of the Ottoman Empire was taken care of by ethnic patriotism. In 1914, a related ethnic and regional disagreement among Serbia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire set off a chain response that before long included the entirety of the European powers in what might become World War I. World War I and Gallipoli World War I was a critical period in Atatã ¼rks life. The Ottoman Empire joined its partners (Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire) to shape the Central Powers, battling against Britain, France, Russia, and Italy. Atatã ¼rk anticipated that the Allied Powers would assault the Ottoman Empire at Gallipoli; he directed the nineteenth Division of the Fifth Army there. Under Atatã ¼rks administration, the Turks held off a British and French endeavor to progress up the Gallipoli Peninsula, incurring a key annihilation on the Allies. England and France sent in a sum of 568,000 men through the span of the Gallipoli Campaign, including enormous quantities of Australians and New Zealanders. Of these, 44,000 were murdered and very nearly 100,000 were injured. The Ottoman power was littler, numbering around 315,500 men, of whom around 86,700 were slaughtered and more than 164,000 were injured. The Turks clutched the high ground at Gallipoli, keeping the Allied powers stuck to the sea shores. This grisly however fruitful guarded activity shaped one of the focal points of Turkish patriotism in the years to come, and Atatã ¼rk was at the focal point, all things considered, Following the Allied withdrawal from Gallipoli in January 1916, Atatã ¼rk took on fruitful conflicts against the Russian Imperial Army in the Caucasus. In March 1917, he got order of the whole Second Army, in spite of the fact that their Russian rivals pulled back very quickly because of the flare-up of the Russian Revolution. The king was resolved to support the Ottoman resistances in Arabiaâ and persuaded Atatã ¼rk to go to Palestine after the British caught Jerusalem in December 1917. He kept in touch with the legislature, taking note of that the circumstance in Palestine was miserable, and suggested that another cautious position be built up in Syria. At the point when Constantinople dismissed this arrangement, Atatã ¼rk surrendered his post and came back to the capital. As the Central Powers rout lingered, Atatã ¼rk returned again to the Arabian Peninsula to manage a methodical retreat. The Ottoman powers lost the Battle of Megiddo in September 1918. This was the start of the finish of the Ottoman world. All through October and early November, under a truce with the Allied Powers, Atatã ¼rk sorted out the withdrawal of the staying Ottoman powers in the Middle East. He came back to Constantinople on November 13, 1918, to think that its involved by the triumphant British and French. The Ottoman Empire was no more. Turkish War of Independence Atatã ¼rk was entrusted with redesigning the worn out Ottoman Army in April 1919â so that it could give inward security during the progress. Rather, he started to arrange the military into a patriot obstruction development. He gave the Amasya Circular in June of that year, notice that Turkeys freedom was in danger. Mustafa Kemal was very right on that point. The Treaty of Sevres, marked in August 1920, required the segment of Turkey among France, Britain, Greece, Armenia, the Kurds, and a global power at the Bosporus Strait. Just a little state based on Ankara would stay in Turkish hands. This arrangement was totally inadmissible to Atatã ¼rk and his kindred Turkish patriots. Truth be told, it implied war. England started to lead the pack in dissolving Turkeys parliament and solid outfitting the ruler into transferring ownership of his residual rights. Accordingly, Atatã ¼rk called another national political race and had a different parliament introduced, with himself as the speaker. This was known as the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. At the point when the Allied occupation powers attempted to parcel Turkey according to the Treaty of Sevres, the Grand National Assembly (GNA) set up a military and propelled the War of Turkish Independence. All through 1921, the GNA armed force under Atatã ¼rk enlisted a great many triumphs against the neighboring forces. By the accompanying harvest time, Turkish patriot troops had pushed the involving powers out of the Turkish promontory. Republic of Turkey On July 24, 1923, the GNA and the European forces marked the Treaty of Lausanne, perceiving a completely sovereign Republic of Turkey. As the principal chose leader of the new Republic, Atatã ¼rk would lead one of the universes swiftest and best modernization battles ever. Atatã ¼rk canceled the workplace of the Muslim Caliphate, which had repercussions for the entirety of Islam. Nonetheless, no new caliph was selected somewhere else. Atatã ¼rk additionally secularized instruction, empowering the advancement of non-strict grade schools for the two young ladies and young men. In 1926, in the most extreme change to date, Atatã ¼rk canceled the Islamic courts and initiated common law all through Turkey. Ladies currently had equivalent rights to acquire property and separation their spouses. The president considered ladies to be a basic piece of the workforce if Turkey somehow managed to turn into a rich present day country. At last, Atatã ¼rk substituted the conventional Arabic content for composed Turkish with another letters in order dependent on Latin. Passing Mustafa Kemal got known as Atatã ¼rk, which means granddad or progenitor of the Turks, due to his significant job in establishing and driving the new, free province of Turkey. Atatã ¼rk kicked the bucket

Women battered Essay Example For Students

Ladies battered Essay In a discussion with my better half about battered ladies, she stated, Id never set up with that and afterward asked, Why might a lady remain in an injurious relationship? As connections progress, there are progressively enthusiastic and money related ties which makes it harder to leave. The normal lady will leave her abuser seven or multiple times before making the last break. Ladies might fear outsiders, however it is a spouse, a darling, a sweetheart, or somebody they realize who is well on the way to hurt them. As indicated by a U.S. Equity Department study, somebody the lady knows submits 66% of savage assaults against ladies. In the United States, the most perilous spot for a lady is in her own home, where outrage may detonate into viciousness. Despite the fact that lower-class ladies have progressively recorded measurements on being battered, center and privileged ladies are likewise taking on these equivalent conflicts. Notwithstanding, dread of social humiliation, hurting their spouses remaining in the network, and, in particular, dread of not being accepted reason center and high society ladies to stay silent. As per the FBI, there are roughly 1,500 ladies murdered by spouses or beaus every year and there are around 2 million men who beat their accomplices every year. Besides, the FBI additionally expresses that aggressive behavior at home is the main source of injury to ladies ages 15-45, more than assaults, muggings, and car crashes consolidated. Measurements on battered ladies are wrong, somewhat as a result of poor detailing strategies; ladies are hesitant to approach and normally there is no observer present. So as to assist better with characterizing battered womens condition, the causes and advancement of the three essential speculations of the disorder and suggested medications are illustrated underneath. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), referred to in the psychological well-being field as the clinicians book of scriptures, doesn't perceive battered womens condition as a particular mental issue. Truth be told, Dr. Lenore Walker, the planner of the traditional battered womens condition hypothesis, takes note of the disorder isn't a disease, yet rather a hypothesis that draws upon the standards of scholarly powerlessness to clarify why a few ladies can't leave their abusers. Hence, the old style battered womens condition hypothesis is best viewed as a branch of the hypothesis of scholarly defenselessness and not a psychological sickness that burdens manhandled ladies. The hypothesis of scholarly powerlessness tried to represent the uninvolved conduct subjects showed when put in a wild domain. In the late 1960s and mid 1970s, Martin Seligman, an acclaimed scientist in the field of brain science, led a progression of examinations in which pooches were set in one of two kinds of confines. In the previous enclosure, from now on alluded to as the stun confine, a ringer would sound and the experimenters would charge the whole floor seconds after the fact, stunning the canine paying little mind to area. The last enclosure, be that as it may, albeit comparable in each other regard to the stun confine, contained a little zone where the experimenters could direct no stun. Seligman saw that while the canines in the last confine figured out how to race to the non-energized territory after a progression of stuns, the mutts in the stun confine quit any pretense of attempting to get away, in any event, when set in the last enclosure and indicated that break was conceivable. Seligman speculated that the mutts introductory involvement with the wild stun confine persuaded that they couldn't control future occasions and was liable for the watched disturbances in conduct and learning. Consequently, as per the hypothesis of educated vulnerability, a subject set in a wild situation will become uninvolved and acknowledge agonizing upgrades, despite the fact that break is conceivable and obvious. In the late 1970s, Dr. Walker drew upon Seligmans explore and consolidated it into her own hypothesis, the battered womens disorder, trying to clarify why battered ladies stay with their abusers. As per Dr. Walker, battered womens condition contains two unmistakable components: a pattern of savagery and side effects of educated vulnerability. The pattern of brutality is made out of three stages (outlined beneath): the pressure building stage, the savagery stage, and the enchantment stage. This additionally outlines how three elements, love, expectation, and dread, keep the cycle moving and make it difficult to cut off a rough association. During the pressure building stage, the casualty is exposed to obnoxious attack and minor battering occurrences, for example, slaps, squeezes and mental maltreatment. In this stage, the lady attempts to mollify her batterer by utilizing strategies that have worked beforehand. Normally, the lady gives her abuser benevolence or endeavors to keep away from him. Be that as it may, the casualties endeavors to assuage her player are regularly purposeless and just work to postpone the unavoidable intense battering occurrence. The pressure building stage closes and the brutality stage starts when the obnoxious attack and minor battering develop into an intense battering occurrence. An arrival of the strains worked during stage one describes the viciousness stage, which normally keep going for a time of two to twenty-four hours. The viciousness during this stage is flighty and unavoidable, and measurements show that the danger of the batterer killing his casualty is at its most noteworthy. The batterer places his casualty in a steady condition of dread, and she can't control her batterers brutality by using methods that worked in the strain building stage. The person in question, understanding her absence of control, endeavors to reduce the savagery by getting aloof. After the brutality stage finds some conclusion, the pattern of savagery enters the temptation or special night stage. During this stage, the batterer apologizes for his injurious conduct and guarantees that it will never happen again. The conduct displayed by the hitter in the enticement stage intently takes after the conduct he showed when the couple initially met and experienced passionate feelings for. The enchantment stage is the most mentally defrauding stage in light of the fact that the batterer fools the person in question, who is mitigated that the maltreatment has finished, into accepting that he has changed. Be that as it may, definitely, the batterer starts to loudly mishandle his casualty and the pattern of misuse starts again. As per Dr. Walker, Seligmans hypothesis of educated vulnerability clarifies why ladies remain with their abusers and happens in a casualty after the pattern of brutality rehashes various occasions. Dr. Walker declares that, In the household misuse ambit, inconsistent fierceness, view of feebleness, absence of money related assets, and the unrivaled quality of the batterer all consolidate to impart a sentiment of weakness in the person in question. At the end of the day, batterers condition ladies into accepting that they are frail to escape by exposing them to a proceeding with example of wild viciousness and misuse. Dr. Walker, in applying the educated defenselessness hypothesis to battered ladies, changed societys impression of battered ladies by dissipating the fantasy that battered ladies like maltreatment and offering an intelligent and justification clarification for why most remain with their abuser. As the old style hypothesis of battered womens disorder depends on the mental standards of molding, specialists accept that conduct change methodologies are most appropriate for treating ladies experiencing the condition. This wheel (showed beneath) delineates connections all in all and how each apparently disconnected conduct is a significant part in a general exertion to control somebody. A basic, yet compelling, social system to this comprises of two phases. In the underlying stage, the battered lady expels herself from the wild or stun confine condition and detaches herself from her abuser. For the most part, experts help the casualty escape by utilizing self-assuredness preparing, displaying, and suggesting utilization of the court framework. After the lady ends the harsh relationship, experts give the casualty backslide avoidance preparing to guarantee that resulting introduction to damaging conduct won't cause maladaptive conduct. Despite the fact that this methodology is powerful, the model offered by Dr. Walker proposes that battered ladies for the most part don't effectively search out assistance. The most effective method to Write Literary Analysis Essay The writers of the early and present hypothesis of post awful pressure issue believed a horrible accident to be outside the scope of human experience. Such occasions included assault, torment, war, the Holocaust, the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, tremors, storms, volcanoes, plane crashes, and car crashes, yet didn't think about applying the finding to battered ladies. By and by, the awful accident need just be extraordinarily troubling to nearly anybody. In this way, battered ladies experience little difficulty meeting the DSM-IV horrible mishap analytic prerequisite on the grounds that the vast majority would discover the maltreatment battered ladies are exposed to especially upsetting. Notwithstanding meeting the horrible accident analytic models, an individual must have side effects from the nosy memory, avoidant/desensitizing, and hyper excitement classes for a post awful pressure issue finding to apply. The meddlesome memory classification comprises of manifestations that are particular and effectively recognizable. In people experiencing post horrendous pressure issue, the awful accident is a predominant mental encounter that apparently would bring out frenzy, fear, fear, anguish, as well as despondency. Regularly, these sentiments are showed in daytime dreams, awful bad dreams, and flashbacks. Moreover, boosts that the individual partners with the awful accident can bring out mental pictures, enthusiastic reactions, and mental responses related with the injury. Instances of meddling memory manifestations a battered lady may endure are dreams of executing her batterer and flashbacks of battering episodes. The avoidant/desensitizing bunch comprises of enthusiastic systems people with post tra

Mystery Hunt Day 1

Mystery Hunt Day 1 9:30am: Im not blogging about admissions today, because at noon the 2007 Mystery Hunt will begin! Im going to try todays entry as a liveblog, updating this entry throughout the day with thoughts and stories about the Hunt, one of my favorite events of the year. In short, Mystery Hunt is a weekend-long competition at MIT where people team up to solve lots of puzzles (which lead to more puzzles), with the ultimate goal of finding a coin hidden somewhere on campus. The only prize for the winning team is the honor of writing the next years Hunt. For some history, check out this classic article from Games Magazine. If youd like to try some puzzles for yourself, you can check out the archives, or you can try these four fun puzzles. People are starting to make significant progress on these four puzzles from my entry earlier this week. Ive posted some hints and thoughts in the comments thread that might help. Dont stop, youre getting closer! 10:45am: A quick walk through Lobby 7, soon to be the site of the Hunt Kickoff. Right now, though, things are very quiet 11:40am: Im about to head to Lobby 7 for the Kickoff well see what this years hunt organizers Dan 03 (at right) and my old Baker House dormmate Jenn have in store for us! 12:40pm: The Kickoff has ended. Heres what Lobby 7 looked like during the kickoff (compare to the images from just two hours earlier above): The theme of the Hunt appears to be at least for now How to Succeed at the MIT Mystery Hunt by Being Really Really Awesome. Heres Dan 03 announcing it in Lobby 7: 11:40pm: Wow, the last 11 hours of Mystery Hunt flew by. Im about to go to bed so I can get up for an early morning (4am!) puzzle. This Hunt rocks, so far one of the best ever! More news soon Post Tagged #Mystery Hunt

The Success Of A Circle Time - 872 Words

Successful Circle Time Circle time is one of the most fun and creative times of the school day. Preschool children, typically ages three to around six, are very hands one and mobile. They want to move about and explore things around them. For any teacher struggling with circle time and keeping the attention of their students I would suggest multiple tips on how to keep students engaged. One is to make circle time interactive and get the students involved in the circle time. An example would be giving each student a part in a song or a story to act out. Another suggestion would be to start each circle time with a song and dance so that students can release some of the energy that they have and be ready to focus during circle time. It is also a great idea to have students move around during circle time so they are not getting restless and moving in anyway they want (). Two very key things for circle time to be a success is to be consistent with circle time and have it daily so that stu dents know what to expect. I have observed activities like reviewing the calendar, weather, and reading a short book. Finally, one must be aware and patient of the disturbances that will pop up during circle time. Know that students are all developing in different ways and not one is like the other. While one student may sit attentively for a prolonged period of time, another may not be at that point yet. Plan circle time around your students needs and it will be a very happy experience forShow MoreRelatedThe Field Of Business Administration Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pagesexecute any given plan is subjective, yet crucial. Starting up your own company takes patience and time; however, a number of entrepreneurs tend to take out huge loans in an attempt to build a flashy-looking business with no business plan whatsoever. 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Steel Properties and History

Steel is an alloy of iron that contains carbon. Typically the carbon content ranges from  0.002% and 2.1%  by weight. Carbon makes steel harder than pure iron. The carbon atoms make it more difficult for dislocations in the iron crystal lattice to slide past each other. There are many different types of steel.  Steel contains additional elements, either as impurities or added to confer desirable properties. Most steel contains  manganese,  phosphorus,  sulfur,  silicon, and trace amounts of aluminum,  oxygen, and nitrogen. Intentionally addition of nickel, chromium, manganese, titanium,  molybdenum,  boron, niobium and other metals influence the hardness, ductility, strength, and other properties of steel. Addition of at least 11% chromium adds corrosion resistance to make stainless steel. Another way to add corrosion resistance is to galvanize steel (usually carbon steel) by electroplating or hot-dipping the metal in zinc. Steel History The oldest piece of steel is a piece of ironware that was recovered from an archaeological site in Anatolia, dating back to about 2000 BC. Steel from ancient Africa dates back to 1400 BC. How Steel Is Made Steel contains iron and carbon, but when iron ore is smelted, it contains too much carbon to confer desirable properties for steel. Iron ore pellets are remelted and processed to reduce the amount of carbon. Then, additional elements are added and the steel is either continuously cast or made into ingots. Modern steel is made from pig iron  using one of two processes. About 40% of steel is made using the  basic oxygen furnace (BOF) process. In this process, pure oxygen is blown into melted iron, reducing the amounts of carbon, manganese, silicon, and phosphorus. Chemicals called fluxes further reduce levels of  sulfur and phosphorus in the metal.  In the United States, the BOF process recycles  25-35%  scrap steel to make new steel. In the U.S., the  electric arc furnace (EAF) process is used to make about 60% of steel, consisting nearly entirely of recycled scrap steel. Sources Ashby, Michael F.; Jones, David R.H. (1992). Engineering Materials 2. Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-032532-7.Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003). Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-65653-4.Smith, William F.; Hashemi, Javad (2006). Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-295358-6.

Settling the Issue on Christ’s Presence in the Sacrament of the Eucharist Free Essays

string(23) " and daughters of God\." Questioning the Presence of Jesus Christ in the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist Jesus Christ shared the Last Supper with his disciples on the night before He was crucified. It was during this event that He introduced the sacrament of His blood and body. He instituted the sacrament to bring about the suffering on the cross through the generations and to let the church take over his Spouse attribute to his resurrection and death. We will write a custom essay sample on Settling the Issue on Christ’s Presence in the Sacrament of the Eucharist or any similar topic only for you Order Now As goes the Gospel of Matthew: â€Å"While they were eating, Jesus took bread, said the blessing, broke it, and giving it to his disciples said, Take and eat; this is my body. Then he took a cup, gave thanks, and gave it to them, saying, Drink from it, all of you, for this is my blood of the covenant, which will be shed on behalf of many for the forgiveness of sins† (Matthew 26:26-28; Mark 14:22-24, Luke 22:17-20, 1 Corinthians 11:23-25) (Fay 8). Coming from Jesus Christ the Catholic Church says that as the Eucharist is celebrated, the body and blood of Jesus will be symbolize with the bread and wine through the power of the Holy Spirit. The priest serves as the instrument in this celebration. Through out the Eucharist, a priest utters the words Jesus said during His Last Supper and it says: â€Å"I am the living bread that came down from heaven; whoever eats this bread will live forever; and the bread that I will give is my flesh for the life of the world†¦ For my flesh is true food, and my blood is true drink† (John 6:51-55) (Fay 8). Jesus Christ is present including all his divinity, soul, blood and body represented by the wine and bread during the Eucharist. Jesus Christ has truly been resurrected after dying for the sins of humanity. When church members talk about the real presence of Jesus Christ in the sacrament of the Eucharist, they talk about the other types of his presence like the wine and bread. His body and blood are the most important symbols of his presence during the sacrament of the Eucharist (Fay 8). Body: Bringing Back the Meaning of the Eucharist The first question then is how the bread and wine represent Jesus Christ’s presence. A lot of people may question how this happens. The truth of the matter is the church will never be able to fully explain the mystery behind the rising of the Christ during the sacrament of the Eucharist. Until now, it still remains to be an inexhaustible puzzle that overwhelms the Catholic Church. It must be remembered that the Creator taking place at the identity of God can do so many things that the imagination of humans cannot even reach or comprehend. God made the world for Him to be able to share His life to those who are not God (Fay 7). He created the world for the human beings. This act alone is a manifestation of His plan of salvation. It can be clearly seen that with this kind of plan, the kind of wisdom used was that kind that does not reach any human beings understanding. It is beyond the comprehension of the human mind. Despite all that, God did not leave His people in ignorance. Whatever His plans are He always shared it with his people. He revealed His majestic plans to the humanity by giving us the ability to understand the gift of faith. He also provided us with the grace of the Holy Spirit. With this, we are now able to understand God’s actions and God’s plans, all of which any human being would never understand in his whole lifetime. Because of the grace of the Holy Spirit and the gift of faith humans can now understand God’s mystery (Fay 9). Today, the bishops of the Catholic Church serve as Jesus Christ’s apostles. The bishops provide the people with knowledge about Jesus Christ and God. In short, they function as the teachers of the church. Bishops have a better understanding of God’s mystery than any other human being on earth. Bishops comprehend the mystery better than anyone who has a better job, higher salary, higher intelligence quotient and even those who have higher understanding of the different languages in the world. It is only the bishop who can reveal to the people whatever God has revealed. A bishop also encourages all church goers to make understanding of the mystery of God deeper than it already is. He also promotes a better understanding of the gift of the sacrament of the Eucharist (Fay 13). The question then is how else is the presence of God exists in the sacrament of the Eucharist. Not all people understand the mystery of God and especially not everyone is even willing to understand to begin with. The first question would be why, of all symbols, did it have to be food and drink that represent Jesus in the sacrament of the Eucharist? The bread, for example, is not just a representation of the food Jesus and the disciples ate during the Last Supper. The food serves as spiritual nourishment simply because of the love of Jesus for humanity. It has been said earlier that God has plan for our salvation and with this plan, He is asking us to participate in the life of the Trinity. Because of the food shared during the sacrament of the Eucharist, the people are brought back to the sacrament of Baptism. The sharing of the bread means the sharing of life which starts with a person’s baptism. During the baptism, a human being is joined to Jesus Christ, which, of course, is possible only with the power of the Holy Spirit. Here is where the communion of the Father, of the Son and of the Holy Spirit come in (Pannenberg 293). Because of Baptism, the humans become the adopted sons and daughters of God. You read "Settling the Issue on Christ’s Presence in the Sacrament of the Eucharist" in category "Papers" This is strengthened through the sacrament of Confirmation. It is increased and nourished through the participation of the human being in the sacrament of the Eucharist. As a person drinks the blood of Christ and eats the Body, Jesus remains in the lives and spirits of the people who took him. This way, the humans are united to Christ and of course to His divinity. Humans are known as with corrupt natures. They are mortal. But because of the sacrament of the Eucharist, the humans are joined to Christ and both share the same source of life (Pannenberg 293). According to John 6:57, â€Å"Just as the living Father sent me and I have life because of the Father, so also the one who feeds on me will have life because of me. † As we are united to Jesus Christ and with the help of the Holy Spirit in us, a relationship is been among the Father, the Son, the Holy Spirit and the humans. This relationship is strengthened through Baptism and is deepened with the sacrament of Confirmation. Because of these sacraments, humans are able to share their life with the Holy Trinity. Through the Eucharist, humans give thanks and praise to the glory of God (Pannenberg 293). Another issue that needs to be addressed is that people are not aware of what the Eucharist is all about. Not all people know that aside from being just a meal, the Eucharist is also a sacred form of sacrifice. The truth is, our sins are the kind of sins that make it impossible for us to share God’s life. Despite all of it, God has shown His love for us by sending His son Jesus Christ to earth to die for our sins. Jesus Christ died and was resurrected from the dead. Because He is an almighty one, He was able to conquer these events and was even able to unite humans to God (Johnson and Penner 305). What the church does now is to gather everyone and commemorate what Jesus Christ has done for us. The Eucharist serves as an instrument to unite everyone in oreder for them to receive the benefits of God (Johnson and Penner 305). According to the book of Hebrews, Jesus Christ, was a priest spent his life creating intercessions for humans before God. Because of this, he is nowhere near the high priests who offered sacrifices in the temples of Jerusalem (Johnson and Penner 305). The powers of high priests are surpassed by Jesus Christ’s actions because the sacrifice he offered is perfect. The sacrifice he offered was himself (Johnson and Penner 305). In the Eucharist, the eternal sacrifices of Jesus Christ are always represented but the people are not just there for speculation. The church goers are not just spectators. They are different levels of activeness in the Eucharistic sacrifice among the worshipping community and the priest (Johnson and Penner 305). Before the priest stands before the worshipping community, he first has to be ordained. After ordination, he then represents Christ as the head of the Catholic Church. Everyone in the Catholic Church is baptized as a member of the Body of Christ. The Eucharist as a sacrament serves as a sacrifice of the church (Johnson and Penner 307). In the Eucharist, whatever sacrifice Jesus Christ has given is also the sacrifice that the members of His body offer. The sacrifice unites everyone. This sacrifice, during the sacrament of Eucharist, becomes sacramentally present. This way, the humans sacrifice themselves to God (Johnson and Penner 307). Then again, after this, people still question the existence of bread and wine in the Holy Eucharist. Another question people ask is why, after considering bread and wine as Christ’s body and blood, still taste like bread and wine? People are expecting the bread and win during the sacrament of the Eucharist to taste like body and blood of Christ and not just another bread and wine (Johnson and Penner 308). While celebrating the Eucharist, Jesus Christ’s presence comes in the form of bread and wine. The bread and wine are simply both appropriate for the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist. Looking back at the traditional language of theology, especially in the consecration act, the bread’s and wine’s substance is transformed by the Holy Spirit into Jesus’ Christ’s body and blood (Johnson and Penner 308). What changes then, is not the physical appearance and the physical taste of the bread and wine, but the â€Å"substance† and the â€Å"meaning† of each instrument. It is then natural that the physical attributes of the bread and wine remain the same (Johnson and Penner 309). Here is where the question of faith comes in. St. Thomas Aquinas coined the terms â€Å"substance† and â€Å"accidents† to study faith. He used the terms to address what appears to be wine and bread (â€Å"accidents,† being the physical attribute of a matter) appears to be Jesus Christ’s blood and body (now being at its â€Å"substance† state, which represents the deepest possible reality) (Johnson and Penner 313). There is indeed a change at the substance level, the bread being Christ’s body, and Christ’s blood coming from wine. Without this transubstantiation, no one would be able to even talk about and think of the presence of Jesus Christ in the sacrament of the Holy Eucharist (Johnson and Penner 313). The mystery of faith is indeed something that humans consider too great for their comprehension, which is why studies and researches are here to better equip the people with enough understanding of this concept (Johnson and Penner 313). The mystery of this faith can only be acquired by reading it from the Bible and the Catholic Church because these medium is where God comes for us to remember. Changes come every now and then, and sometimes, the characteristics of these â€Å"accidents† change. In some occasions, even when the substance is already different, the accident still looks exactly the same (Johnson and Penner 315). A good example would be having a child reach the stage of adulthood. When he reaches this stage, it is natural that his characteristics change. He grows taller, he develops an adam’s apple, he grows muscles and his voice becomes deeper and bigger. Then again, the fact remains that he is still the same old baby who his mother once delivered (Johnson and Penner 315). Another example would be a grape fruit which a person eats. When he eats the grape fruit, the fruit soon becomes digested and becomes part of the person’s body in form of nutrients, vitamins and minerals. The person who ate the grape fruit remains as the same person who ate the fruit even before the act. The fruit, on the other hand, has characteristics that are no longer the same. The grape fruit is no longer a grape fruit, but a part of the person’s body (Johnson and Penner 315). The same is true with the presence of Christ in the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist. Even if the wine and the bread in the Holy Eucharist are in the blood and body of Christ’s substances, these no longer have the characteristics of a person, but only the wine and the bread (Johnson and Penner 315). This is where the question about the limitation of bread and wine comes in. People ask if the bread used during the Holy Eucharist stops being a bread, and if the wine does not remain to be wine for how long. Yes, the bread does not stay as bread forever, and the wine does the same. Jesus Christ can be present, all of His divinity, soul, blood and body, although the wine and the bread can no longer stay. The wine and the bread has to be given away because if not, there would be no transformation between the bread and the body, or the wine and the blood. The wine and the bread have to be given away in order for them to become Body and Blood (Johnson and Penner 315). Not all people still believe everything they hear and say about the Eucharist. They still question the use of bread and wine. It is really appropriate? Why, of all foods and drinks, does it have to be a bread and a wine? The presence of Jesus Christ and Lord God Almighty are indeed appropriate for being represented by bread and wine since Jesus Christ gave himself to humanity and to the world as a whole in a manner that engages the symbolism existing in drinking wine and eating bread (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Catholic Church USCCB Publishing, USCCB Publishing and Catholic Church 66). Aside from that, Jesus Christ offered himself to us in such a way that humans are kept alive, because humans sustain their means survival through drinking and eating, or through wine and bread. The use of wine and bread also tests the faith of a person because the presence of Jesus Christ’s body and blood can never be discerned whichever way a human tries except for having faith (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Catholic Church USCCB Publishing, USCCB Publishing and Catholic Church 66). St. Bonaventure once said that it is no difficult at all to say that Christ exists in the Holy Eucharist in manner of symbols, breads and wines. The more difficult concept to understand is the whether or not Christ actually exists in the sacrament as He exists up in the heavens (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Catholic Church USCCB Publishing, USCCB Publishing and Catholic Church 67). With faith, humans believe that yes, Christ in indeed present in the sacrament as well as in heaven. However, given that the use of bread and wine is appropriate, it still is not clear for many because not all people who consume the bread and the wine actually believe in the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist. They may attend the Sunday mass on a regular basis, but it does not necessarily mean that they actually worship the Lord, or even understand the ceremony to begin with (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Catholic Church USCCB Publishing, USCCB Publishing and Catholic Church 67). If â€Å"receiving† is defined as â€Å"consuming,† then naturally, anyone who receives eats the bread and drinks the wine, eats and drinks the body and blood of Jesus Christ. If, on the other hand, receiving is defined as accepting willingly of the body and blood of Jesus, then, someone without faith does not â€Å"receive† the body and blood of Jesus. A person â€Å"receives† the body and blood of Jesus if he is willing to accept the spiritual benefits of the act (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Catholic Church USCCB Publishing, USCCB Publishing and Catholic Church 68). He should also be aware of why he is eating the bread and drinking the wine. He should not be someone who went to the Church just to attend some mass. He should be there to worship the Lord, respect the rituals, listen to the Word of God and then receive Him through Jesus Christ’s blood and body (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Catholic Church USCCB Publishing, USCCB Publishing and Catholic Church 68). If a person consumes the wine and bread without faith, he cannot change the fact that he is consuming the blood and body of Jesus Christ. However, the different between having faith and having none is receiving the spiritual benefit that goes together with having faith. The spiritual benefit obtained from receiving Christ’s body and blood with faith is the communion with Christ. Faith can be practiced by simply following the grace of God. The human’s love for God must be increased (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Catholic Church USCCB Publishing, USCCB Publishing and Catholic Church 68). People question the symbolism of wine and bread. Are these foods just symbols that represent the body and blood of Jesus Christ? Symbol is used casually as something that represents another thing. The bread and wine used in the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist are not merely symbols, because they do not represent the body and blood of Jesus Christ. They are the body and blood of Jesus Christ. According to St. John Damascene, having the bread and the wine foreshadow Jesus Christ is not underestimation. â€Å"The bread and the wine are actually Jesus Christ, because according to the Orthodox Faith, Jesus said, ‘This is my body’. He did not say, This bread is my body. Therefore, the bread and wine during the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist are not symbols, but the real, actual self of the Lord† (O’Gorman, O’Gorman and Faulkner 136). It has to be understood that the body and blood of Jesus Christ arrived on Earth no longer as the Lord’s muscles and life, but as a sacramental form. Jesus Christ is not symbolized by the bread and the wine because he is under these things. His presence exists. There are countless ways on how the symbolism of wine and bread, or of drinking and eating, reveals the meaning of the Holy Eucharist. An example would be with the way food provides and energy to the human body. If the food makes the body more nutritious, then it also follows that the Eucharistc food also nourishes the spiritual being of a person. Aside from that, it is already a fact that the sharing of food inside the Church is always communal, in which all members of the Catholic Church eat from the same plate of Jesus’ Christ’s body. This way, communion is established, and this communion exists not only between the Church members but also among the Father, Son and the Holy Spirit (O’Gorman, O’Gorman and Faulkner 136). St. Paul says that a single bread, once shared by the whole community on a Eucharistic gathering, is a manifestation that the believers of the Holy Spirit are gathered to worship one Lord (O’Gorman, O’Gorman and Faulkner 136). The bread and the wine then become an instrument of union among the people of God. Conclusion Jesus Christ has long promised his people that He will always be with His people. In Matthew 28:20, he said that he will not leave us as he uttered the words â€Å"Always, until the end of the age† (Price and Weil 136). With that, it is then confirmed that Jesus Christ has a â€Å"real presence† during the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist. According to St. Thomas Aquinas, â€Å"the relationship between Jesus Christ and the people is just like the relationship of friends who live together, in that there is an unwritten law that friends should never leave each other’s sides† (Price and Weil 136). Jesus Christ has fulfilled His promise by having with us His blood and body which people receive during the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist. How to cite Settling the Issue on Christ’s Presence in the Sacrament of the Eucharist, Papers

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION Essay Example For Students

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION Essay INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION Essay is commonly explained as an interaction between people of different cultures whether defined in terms of racial, ethnic or socioeconomic differences. Human communication consists of verbal and nonverbal messages (language and gestures) which are shaped by gender, social class or culture. Thus, what perimeters define the intercultural exchange and what primary messages do we need or try to convey? Our communication process or the way we attribute symbolic meanings to words and gestures, in order to express ourselves is shaped by the society in which we evolve. This shared use of codes within a given group of persons, also leads to a common philosophy of life, ideas or morals. Therefore, culture to a certain extent, shapes our thoughts in different fashions in spite of the fact that we have common biological or emotional needs and therefore, common responses to certain stimuli. In addition, various societies are now stratified in classes inside which, groups create and develop other codes. Each subgroup sustains its values and tradition through language and rites creating multicultural interactions. Hence, the human communication process cannot be held for homogenous, even inside the same society because factors like race, gender or social class will slightly modify this pattern. Last summer, I spent one month in Quito, Ecuador and one week on the island Anaconda in the Amazonian Forest. This was my first experience in Latin America and I have been able to see two very different part of the Ecuadorian culture. In Quito, people speak Spanish, live in the capital and are from mixed descent (Spanish- Indian) while Anacondas population is mainly Indian, speaks Quichua (Ecuadors second national language) and lives in the jungle. I had the chance to immerse myself in both environments because I was staying in a host family in Quito and in a traditional habitation in Anaconda. Although Latin American countries like Ecuador are defined as Third World due to their economical level the lifestyle in Quito, for instance, follows more or less the pattern we know in this part of the world. People, drive to work, eat out and children go to school. However, this system functions with different values, customs or schedule. I spent four weeks in Quito at the Spanish Academy to take transfer credits in this language. During this time period I lived with an Ecuadorian family that is the parents and their two daughters, which allowed me to interact with them on a daily basis. The father, Ramon works in the United States and Marcella, 18, the eldest daughter attends college in Quito where she studies medicine. I found it easy to interact with Marcella because our age difference is not big and we are both college students. In addition she is a girl and we could discuss topics that are relevant to our gender, such as fashion or dates. The fact that this family educational level does not greatly differ from mine helped our communication, and shaped the messages we were exchanging. We were able to discuss many topics from politics to sociological and although they are from a different culture, our views were not radically opposites. However, the pace at which the Ecuadorian society develops made it difficult for me to explain them clearly what I am studying. For instance, they could not figure what jobs I would have later with a public communication major, since the communication sector is not as advanced as the ones in the United States or in Europe. Thus, in this particular case it was not their social class or their culture that made the difference, rather the time at which their society as a whole develops. I also had the chance to interact with men and women from different backgrounds, mainly teachers from the Academy. Since I can speak Spanish it was not difficult for me to bond with people and make friends. Thus, I did what people my age do in any city of the world and went out for dinners or drinks in restaurants and bars. Although I know that women are perceived differently in Latin America and was careful about by behavior, I have not been able to avoid some errors. .u69696662480b6628ae404218520e38f2 , .u69696662480b6628ae404218520e38f2 .postImageUrl , .u69696662480b6628ae404218520e38f2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u69696662480b6628ae404218520e38f2 , .u69696662480b6628ae404218520e38f2:hover , .u69696662480b6628ae404218520e38f2:visited , .u69696662480b6628ae404218520e38f2:active { border:0!important; } .u69696662480b6628ae404218520e38f2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u69696662480b6628ae404218520e38f2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u69696662480b6628ae404218520e38f2:active , .u69696662480b6628ae404218520e38f2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u69696662480b6628ae404218520e38f2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u69696662480b6628ae404218520e38f2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u69696662480b6628ae404218520e38f2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u69696662480b6628ae404218520e38f2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u69696662480b6628ae404218520e38f2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u69696662480b6628ae404218520e38f2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u69696662480b6628ae404218520e38f2 .u69696662480b6628ae404218520e38f2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u69696662480b6628ae404218520e38f2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Amistad Essay For instance I did not .